ناوبری ایمن در میان جریان های یخی Ice Navigation زبان انگلیسی

In this article it is tried to introduce navigation in ice in order to safe shipping through dangerous floes. In fact the role of the ice navigator has become an important component in safe shipping operations in the Arctic. New standards by IMO and various governments will affect the shipping industry in future. This paper will provide an overview of the role of the ice navigator, polar navigation, types of ice and how can we work through it, why the ice is a ...